ABSTRACT
Abstract Pharmaceutical education should enable the development of competences for community pharmacy practice, which is an important field for the pharmacist workforce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the competences perceived by pharmacy interns from a Brazilian pharmacy school for community pharmacy practice. This study adopted a combined quantitative and qualitative approach. The study cohort included undergraduate students who undertook internships in community pharmacy in the final year of the pharmacy course. Students responded to an 11-item structured questionnaire according to a five-point Likert scale that included perceptions of their competences for community pharmacy practice. Among the 693 possible answers, 605 (87.3%) agreed that the course promoted the development of competences for professional practice in community pharmacy. Less than 70% of students perceived themselves as prepared to respond to symptoms and provide non-prescription medicines. Qualitative analysis of the comments revealed three themes: the need to improve patient information skills, improve practice as a member of a health care team, and improve dispensing according to legal requirements. These findings may support improvements in undergraduate pharmacy programs, such as the inclusion of experiential learning, active learning methods, interprofessional education, and development of clinical skills.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Perception/ethics , Pharmacy , Professional Practice/ethics , Schools, Pharmacy/classification , Students, Pharmacy/classification , Education, Pharmacy , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Patient Care Team/trends , Pharmacists , Professional Competence/standards , Surveys and Questionnaires , Clinical Competence/standards , Community Pharmacy Services/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Bombesin (BBN) is a tetradecapeptide that binds specifically to gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in humans. These receptors are over-expressed in several forms of cancer; radiolabeled BBN could therefore be used to detect such cancers. However, the degradation of peptides is a critical issue in the development of tumor tracers. Liposomes can be used to overcome this problem and improve the uptake of tracers by tumors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize long-circulating and pH-sensitive liposomes (SpHL) containing 99mTc-HYNIC-ßAla-Bombesin(7-14) (99mTc-BBN(7-14). In addition, the ability of this system to identify human breast cancer tissue was evaluated using biodistribution studies and scintigraphic images. Long-circulating and pH-sensitive liposomes (SpHL) were prepared and freeze-dried in the presence of cryoprotectants (glucose, mannitol, and trehalose). They were subsequently reconstituted with a solution of 99mTc-HYNIC-ßAla-Bombesin(7-14) (99mTc-BBN(7-14)). The liposomes were evaluated for size, encapsulation percentage, radiotracer leakage, and storage stability. In addition, in vivo studies were performed in breast tumor-bearing nude mice. Liposomes in the presence of glucose (SpHLG), exhibited a mean diameter of 164.5 ± 6.5 nm and exhibited a 99mTc-BBN(7-14) encapsulation percentage of 30%. In addition, they remained highly stable for up to 120 days of storage. SpHLG- 99mTc-BBN(7-14) showed longer blood circulation than free 99mTc-BBN(7-14), did. The tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-blood ratios for SpHLG-99mTc-BBN(7-14 were high at 4 h post-injection (9.31%ID/g and 7.93%ID/g, respectively). Furthermore, scintigraphic images revealed a strong signal in the tumor area, indicating tumor specificity of SpHLG-99mTc-BBN(7-14). In summary, SpHLG-99mTc-BBN(7-14) presented characteristics suitable for a diagnostic agent, and is a potential tool for tumor identification.
Subject(s)
Bombesin/analogs & derivatives , Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Liposomes , Organotechnetium Compounds , Peptide Fragments , Radioactive Tracers , Animals , Bombesin/chemistry , Bombesin/pharmacokinetics , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Drug Compounding , Female , Humans , Hydrazines/chemistry , Hydrazines/pharmacokinetics , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Liposomes/chemistry , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Nude , Nicotinic Acids/chemistry , Nicotinic Acids/pharmacokinetics , Peptide Fragments/chemistry , Peptide Fragments/pharmacokinetics , Radionuclide Imaging , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
Long-circulating and pH-sensitive liposomes trapping (99m)Tc-HYNIC-ßAla-bombesin((7-14)) (aSpHL-(99m)Tc-BBN((7-14))) were successfully prepared. Biodistribution studies and scintigraphic images were performed in Ehrlich tumor-bearing Swiss mice. This system showed high accumulation in tumor tissue with high tumor-to-muscle ratio. Therefore, aSpHL-(99m)Tc-BBN((7-14)) could be considered as a potential agent for tumor diagnosis.
